科罗纳多CORONADO

印第安商人远道而来。我们感谢对于财富的渴望，使这个事件被载入史册:
Indian traders covered vast distances. We can thank the thirst for wealth for getting one account of this activity into the history books:

佩德罗·德·卡斯塔内达，“西波拉日记...…”，纳斯拉， ~1562年，乔治·帕克·温希普译，《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第472-473页:
Pedro de Castañeda, “Relación de la jornada de Cíbola … ,” Nacera, ~1562, trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896), pp. 472-3:

“1530年，新西班牙的总统，努诺·德·古斯曼，拥有一个印第安人，被西班牙人称为塔霍。这个印第安人说,他是一名已故商人的儿子。他小时候，他父亲到偏远地区用羽毛来交换饰品,回来时他父亲带回来了大量的黄金和白银……他和他父亲一起去了一两次，看到......七个非常大的城镇，它们有银器工人的街道。到那里需要花40天时间，要穿过一片寸草不生的荒野，那些只有一些一跨高的小植物。他们往北走，要穿过两海之间的那个国家。[努诺·德·古斯曼]认为，塔霍努诺说的40天旅程，估计大约有200里格......” 获取电子书
"In the year 1530 Nuño de Guzman, who was President of New Spain, had in his possession an Indian … who was called Tejo by the Spaniards. This Indian said he was the son of a trader who was dead, but that when he was a little boy his father had gone into the back country with fine feathers to trade for ornaments, and that when he came back he brought a large amount of gold and silver …. He went with him once or twice, and saw … seven very large towns which had streets of silver workers. It took forty days to go there from his country, through a wilderness in which nothing grew, except some very small plants about a span high. The way they went was up through the country between the two seas, following the northerly direction. [Nuño de Guzman] thought, from the forty days of which the Tejo Nuño had spoken, that it would be found to be about 200 leagues..." GET E BOOK

(顺带说一下，这是在意料之中的，努诺·德·古兹曼开始了对这些传闻中的村庄进行穷追猛打，尽管他那支由400名西班牙人和2万名友好的印第安人组成的探险队并没有像后来那样的攻击能力。)
(Incidentally, and not unexpectedly, Nuño de Guzman set out in hot pursuit of the rumored villages, though his expedition of 400 Spaniards and 20,000 friendly Indians wasn’t as prepared for the task as Coronado’s later foray.)

从科罗纳多在哈维库获胜后(1540年8月3日)写给总督门多萨的信中也可以清楚地看出美洲印第安人的活动。
That the American Indian got around is clear also from Coronado’s post-Hawikuh triumph (August 3, 1540) letter to Viceroy Mendoza that the elderly chiefs of Cibola.

温希普，第561页：
Winship, p. 561:

“......西波拉的年长首领们声称，他们在五十多年前就预言过，像我们这样的民族会来，来的方向，整个国家会被征服。”获取电子书
"…declare that it was foretold among them more than fifty years ago that a people such as we are should come, and the direction they should come from, and that the whole country would be conquered." GET E BOOK

不难想象，来自墨西哥城甚至加勒比海岛屿的商人可能带来消息，关于哥伦布1492年抵达后开始发生的那些事情。西波拉人听到的消息甚至可能来自塔霍的父亲。
It does not take a great leap of imagination to believe that traders from Mexico City or even from the Caribbean islands might have brought news of what started happening as soon as Columbus arrived in 1492. The news the Cibolans heard may even have come from Tejo’s father.

言语带来呼吸:
With words come breath:

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡罗琳·马戈利斯编，《改变的种子:五百年纪念》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第86页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 86:

哥伦布的船员带到圣萨尔瓦多的天花是美洲第一次有记录的大流行的开始，而且远远传播到了安的列斯群岛和墨西哥以外的敌方，它的速度超越了那些欧洲人。
[The smallpox that Columbus’ crew brought to San Salvador was the beginning of] America’s first recorded pandemic [and] spread far beyond the Antilles and Mexico. It rolled ahead of the Europeans.

维奥拉，第193页：
Viola, p. 193:

在许多地区，当出现第一个白人时，他的“生化武器”已经摧毁了超过75%的印第安人。整个部落都灭绝了，部落的幸存者们也都非常虚弱了。
In many regions by the time the first white man actually appeared his biological accoutrements had devastated the Indian populations by more than 75 percent. Entire tribes became extinct, and the surviving tribal remnants were critically weakened.

维奥拉，第86-89页：
Viola, pp. 86-89:

"皮萨罗在秘鲁征服的那帮人是他们历史上最悲惨时期的幸存者。
"The people whom Pizarro conquered in Peru were the survivors of one of the worst periods of their history.

"在墨西哥北部......在印加帝国灭亡十年之后，赫尔南多·德·索托率领一支远征队穿越了现在的美国东南部，他发现了传染病传播的证据。在科法希基，也就是今天格鲁吉亚的某个地方，他看到了最近空荡荡的村庄和大型殡仪馆，里面堆满了死于流行病的干尸。他在格鲁吉亚所看到的，可能，也应该让他想起了他在秘鲁所看到的。
"To the north of Mexico …a decade after the fall of the Inca empire [when] …Hernando de Soto led an expedition on a long maraud through what is now the southeastern part of the United States, he found evidence of the passage of epidemic disease. In Cofachiqui, somewhere in present-day Georgia, he came upon recently emptied villages and large funereal houses filled with the drying cadavers of people who had perished in an epidemic. What he saw in Georgia may have, should have, reminded him of what he had seen in Peru.

在1519年到1810年间，大约有50次流行病席卷了墨西哥山谷。秘鲁在西班牙人到达以后一直到1720年之间经历了20次，巴西在1560年到1840年间可能经历了40次天花。
About fifty epidemics swept through the Valley of Mexico between 1519 and 1810. Peru underwent twenty between the arrival of the Spaniards and 1720, Brazil perhaps forty of smallpox alone between 1560 and 1840.

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当然天花只是美洲的舶来品之一。在首次登陆后的500年里，许多东西来到了美洲，有好的，也有坏的，从小麦和桃树到荷兰榆树病和艾滋病。
Of course smallpox was just one import to the Americas. In the 500 years since first contact, many things have arrived in the Americas, some good, some bad, ranging from wheat and peach trees to Dutch elm disease and AIDS.