科罗纳多CORONADO

天花在加勒比海迅速传播开来，但直到科尔特斯离开古巴前往墨西哥，天花才传播到古巴。但第二年，当古巴总督派特使去控制科尔特斯，而科尔特斯又说服他留下来时，这种疾病又传到了墨西哥:其中一个特使感染了这种疾病，并感染了他在塞姆波拉的家人。
Smallpox quickly spread throughout the Caribbean, though it did not reach Cuba until Cortes had left from there for Mexico. But the next year, when the Cuban governor sent an envoy to rein in Cortes and Cortes persuaded him to stay instead, the disease arrived in Mexico: one of the men on the envoy had it and infected the household in Cempoala where he was held.

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡罗琳·马戈利斯编著的《改变的种子:五百年纪念》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第86页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 86:

[根据巴托洛米·德·拉斯·卡萨斯的说法]......一个印第安人传染给另一个，他们数量众多，一起吃，一起睡，所以很快感染了整个国家。
[Per Bartolome de las Casas,] …the infection spread from one Indian to another, and they, being so numerous and eating and sleeping together, quickly infected the whole country.

根据埃斯·艾夫·库克和艾尔·比·辛普森在1948年的一项研究，1519年科尔特斯到达墨西哥时，墨西哥中部的人口大约是1100万。到1540年科罗纳多探险的时候，人口不到700万了;到1597年,才300万了。
According to a 1948 study by S. F. Cook and L. B. Simpson, the population of central Mexico in 1519 when Cortes arrived, was roughly eleven million. By the time of the Coronado expedition in 1540, it was less than seven million; by 1597, three million.

天花极大地帮助了科尔特斯打败阿兹特克人，阿兹特克人本来“只是”一场军事失败，结果演变成了一场人类灾难。
Smallpox greatly aided Cortes in vanquishing the Aztecs, and transformed what might have been “just” a military defeat for the Aztecs into a human catastrophe.

尽管在1502年禁止向西班牙进口印第安奴隶，但是在墨西哥阿兹特克的西班牙人在当地找到了一种印第安奴隶的先例:
And though the import of Indian slaves to Spain was forbidden in 1502, the Spanish in Aztec Mexico found local precedent for a kind of Indian slavery:

维奥拉和马戈利斯，第31-32页：
Viola and Margolis, pp. 31-2:

阿兹特克社会等级森严，包含许多世袭阶级[包括奴隶]......战争以商品和奴隶的形式带来了新的土地和财富。......在[西班牙人到达]一个世纪之前，…阿兹特克人习惯于占有整个村庄的人口，把他们转移到更可控的地区，并强迫他们从事国家建设项目。被征服的民族被迫进贡......[还有提供]奴隶或[宗教]祭祀。
Aztec society was tightly stratified and contained many hereditary classes [including slaves]…. Warfare brought new lands and riches in the form of goods and slaves. … A century before the [Spanish arrived], … the Aztecs were in the habit of appropriating entire village populations, moving them into more controllable regions, and forcing them to work on state construction projects. Conquered peoples were forced to pay tribute …. [and] human beings for slavery or [religious] sacrifice.

在西班牙人看来，以某种形式延续这种制度几乎是自然而然的事。西班牙人在加那利群岛定居也有先例:监护征赋制，被征服的当地人必须服从:
It seemed to the Spanish almost natural to carry on this system in some form. And there was precedent in Spain’s settlement of the Canary Islands: encomienda. It was a trade the conquered natives couldn’t refuse:

你要学习西班牙语和基督教，你和你家人的余生都要为我工作，我会提供基础设施和保护，但是你不能反抗我，因为我征服了你。在墨西哥，这似乎更像是阿兹特克人带给这些被征服者的。
You learn Spanish and Christianity and work for me for the rest of your and your family’s lives, and I provide infrastructure and protection, except you can’t rebel against me who conquered you. In Mexico, this seemed like just more of the same that the Aztecs had brought on those they had conquered.

拉斯·卡萨斯所抱怨的那种剥削土著人的方式，西班牙国王最终修改并废除了它，至少在墨西哥是这样，但并不是所有地方都这样。
As this tended to exploit the natives in ways Las Casas complained about, the Spanish crown modified it and eventually abolished it, at least in Mexico, but not everywhere.

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