科罗纳多CORONADO

科罗纳多探险是一个广受欢迎的快速致富捷径，吸引了大量西班牙人和印第安人。为了反驳有计划的远征会消耗新西班牙的劳动力，科罗纳多请求门多萨总督听取相反的证词。根据：
The Coronado expedition was a wildly popular get-rich-quick undertaking, attracting Spaniards and Indians alike. Seeking to rebuff allegations that the planned expedition would sap New Spain of manpower, Coronado petitioned Viceroy Mendoza to hear testimony to the contrary. According to

安东尼奥·德·门多萨，《文档……》，译。乔治·彼·哈蒙德和阿加皮托·雷伊:《科罗纳多远征记1540-1542》，(阿尔伯克基：新墨西哥大学出版社，1940年)，第114页:
Antonio de Mendoza, “Documento …,” trans. George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1940), p. 114:

[在目击者中有]佩德罗·阿尔米德斯·切里诺，陛下在新西班牙的巡视员……[他]说，大多数…这些人都是最近到该国寻找生计的独立个体。
[among the witnesses were] Pedro Almides Cherino, his Majesty’s inspector in this New Spain …. [who] stated that most of … the people were unattached individuals who had come to the country recently in search of a livelihood.

新西班牙吸引了许多想过上更好生活的人。哥伦布发现美洲，使整个欧洲文明兴奋不已。1493年，哥伦布第一次航行返回里斯本，仅仅在他到达里斯本的54天后，他写给国王和王后关于他的发现的信就在意大利被用拉丁文印刷出来了。科尔特斯的船长希门尼斯在加利福尼亚巴哈(他原认为那是一个岛屿)发现珍珠的时候，甚至出现了相关的一些异想天开的小说，比如历史学家赫伯特·博尔顿引用的蒙塔尔沃的畅销书:
New Spain had attracted many who wanted a better life. Columbus’ discovery of America excited the whole of European civilization. A mere fifty-four days after his arrival in Lisbon on the return of his first voyage in 1493, Columbus’s letter to the King and Queen about his discoveries was printed in Latin in Italy. By the time Cortes’ sea captain, a man named Jimenez, by the time he discovered pearls in Baja California (which he thought was an island), there were even whimsical novels about it, such as Montalvo’s best-seller that historian Herbert Bolton cites:

赫伯特·伊·博尔顿:《普韦布洛斯和平原的骑士》(新墨西哥大学出版社，1949年):第7页:
Herbert E. Bolton, Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains, (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1949): p. 7:

你们要知道，在印度群岛的右边，有一个岛屿叫加利福尼亚，离陆地天堂很近，那地方住着一些黑人妇女，她们中间没有一个男人，就像女儿国。她们身强力壮，坚强，热情，有很好的美德。这个岛本身是世界上最荒凉的地方之一，出处都是险峻崎岖的岩石。
Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons. They were robust of body with strong, passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of its bold and craggy rocks.

这就是那些怀揣美国梦的欧洲人脑海中充斥的画面。科罗纳多率领的探险队成员大都像他一样——年轻，但不是长子。长子继承制意味着大部分遗产和责任都留给了长子。因此，当科罗纳多的哥哥贡萨洛继承了在西班牙的家族财产后，科罗纳多和他的另一个弟弟就有去了美洲。胡安成为了哥斯达黎加的一名官员，科罗纳多跟随门多萨总督来到了墨西哥城。
These were the kinds of images that filled the minds of Europeans dreaming about America. Coronado headed an expedition made up largely of men like himself – young, but not first born. Primogeniture meant the bulk of inheritance and responsibility went to the eldest. So while Coronado’s elder brother Gonzalo inherited the family mayorazgo (which means entailed estate) back in Spain, Coronado and his other brother left for America. Juan became an official in Costa Rica, and Coronado followed Viceroy Mendoza to Mexico City.

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