奥拉AURA

好的，这是关于野牛的一些信息。我敢肯定你们俩都会喜欢的。科罗拉多大学的古生物学家斯科特·埃利亚斯写道
Okay. Here’s something about the Buffalo Bison. You’re both gonna’ like this I’m sure. Paleontologist Scott Elias of the University of Colorado writes

斯科特·埃·利亚斯:《西南部国家公园冰河时代的历史》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1997年)，第131页:
Scott A. Elias, The Ice-Age History of Southwestern National Parks, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), p.131:

"丰富的阿纳萨齐文化产生了在梅萨维德国家公园的悬崖民居，查科峡谷的壮观城市并没有在科罗拉多高原上蓬勃发展。相反，传统的阿纳萨齐时期是几千年文化和技术发展的最终产物，是从最后一个冰川期末期的克洛维斯文化开始。这些人很可能是游牧猎人的直系后裔，他们在公元前12000年以前，从西伯利亚经由白令海峡进入这片新大陆。克洛维斯猎人制作了独特的投掷物，考古学家用它来进行对他们的文化分类。
"The rich Anasazi culture that produced the cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde and the imposing city at Chaco Canyon did not spring full-blown onto the Colorado Plateau. Rather, the classical Anasazi period was the end product of thousands of years of cultural and technological development, starting with the Clovis culture near the end of the last glaciation. These people were probably the direct descendants of nomadic hunters who entered the New World from Siberia by way of the Bering Land Bridge, sometime before 12,000 yr B.P. Clovis hunters made distinctive projectile points that archaeologists have used to classify their culture.

"这种文化存活的时间相对较短，有记载的时间跨度只有500年。原因之一是克洛维斯人似乎擅长捕猎猛犸象。在美国西南部几乎所有的克洛维斯遗址都发现了猛犸象的骨骼，此外还有野牛、更新世的马、骆驼、貘、狼、熊和长耳大野兔的骨骼……克洛维斯人所捕获的大部分猎物在克洛维斯人文化消失后不久就灭绝了(前后不过几百年)。这次灭绝的动物包括几种猛犸象、北美骆驼、地懒、更新世的马、剑齿虎、北美狮子、巨型短面熊和巨型更新世野牛。也许这是最后一个冰河时代末期古印第安人文化变革背后的重要力量之一。
"With a documented span of only 500 years, this culture was relatively short lived. One reason is that Clovis peoples appear to have specialized in mammoth hunting. Mammoth bones have been found in nearly every Clovis site throughout the Southwest, along with bones of bison, Pleistocene horse, camel, tapir, wolf, bear, and jackrabbit .... Most of the prey animals taken by Clovis peoples became extinct shortly after the time that the traces of Clovis culture disappeared (give or take a few hundred years). This extinction included several kinds of mammoth, North American camel, ground sloth, Pleistocene horse, saber-toothed cat, North American lion, giant short-faced bear, and giant Pleistocene bison. Perhaps this was one of the important forces behind cultural change in Paleoindian bands at the end of the last ice age.

第133页:
p. 133:

"克洛维斯文化之后是福尔松文化，它的独特之处是有凹槽的抛掷物，在新墨西哥州福尔松附近的一个地点首次发现的。在福尔松时期，新墨西哥东部平原上的猎人开始集中精力捕猎更新世的大角野牛。
"The Clovis culture was followed by the Folsom culture, identified from the distinctive fluted projectile points first described from a site near Folsom, New Mexico. During the Folsom Period, hunters on the plains of eastern New Mexico began to focus on the hunting of Pleistocene large-horned bison.

第112页:
p. 112:

"生态学家保罗·马丁[图森市美国地质调查局的古生物学家]确信，这些古印第安猎人灭绝了新大陆的更新世巨型动物，这是一种‘更新世的过度杀戮’。该理论认为，北美的巨型动物对古印第安猎人来说尤其不堪一击，因为这些新移民是更新世末期才来到这片大陆的，这些动物不知道提防人类的捕猎，它们对此没有什么天生的恐惧。到达阿拉斯加的古印第安人跨越白令海峡陆地桥，通过劳伦太德冰盖和科迪勒拉冰盖之间的无冰走廊向南扩散。随着新的领土被殖民，人类口数量不断增加。在这些巨型哺乳动物的捕猎者来到大陆冰盖南部之后的几百年时间里，他们杀掉了许多动物。马丁的理论认为，新的捕猎行为，加上快速的气候变化，使得这片大陆上的大部分巨型动物灭绝了。
"Ecologist Paul Martin [paleontologist of the U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson] is convinced that these Paleoindian hunters exterminated the Pleistocene megafauna in the New World, a ‘Pleistocene overkill.’ The theory pro­poses that the megafauna of North America was especially vulnerable to Paleoindian hunters because the people were newcomers on this continent at the end of the Pleistocene, and the animals, unaccustomed to human hunters, had little natural fear of them. The Paleoindians that arrived in Alaska via the Bering Land Bridge spread southward as an ice-free corridor opened up between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Human populations expanded as new territory became colonized, and the megafaunal mammal hunters exterminated many of their prey animals within a few hundred years of their arrival south of the continental ice sheets. Martin’s theory holds that the new hunting pressure, combined with rapid climate change, wiped out most of the megafauna on this continent.

"在巨型动物灭绝的问题上，古生物学家、古生态学家和考古学家的意见截然不同。有些人认为，人类与更新世末期的物种灭绝几乎或根本没有关系。
"Paleontologists, paleoecologists, and archaeologists are sharply divided on the issue of megafaunal extinction. Some believe that humans had little or nothing to do with the extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene.

第115页:
p. 115:

我们可能永远不会知道过度杀戮理论是否正确，因为化石上的证据参差不齐。然而，如果它能最佳地记录我们过去所有的历史，它至少应该得到充分的考虑，[因为]在过去的任何时候，任何地方，人类对环境的反应都是差不多的。只要有足够的工具和足够的数量，人们总是会去开发自然资源(包括狩猎动物、矿产、水资源和生活空间)，直至某些资源变得极其稀缺。
We will probably never know if the overkill theory is the right one, since the fossil evidence is so spotty. However, if it does the best job of explaining the data we have accumulated, it should at least be given full consideration [because] human beings everywhere and at all times in the past have responded to their environments in much the same way. Given adequate tools and sufficient numbers, people have always exploited natural resources (including game animals, minerals, water supplies, and living space) to the point where some of those resources became extremely scarce.

● 获得书籍
● Get book