奥拉AURA

如果你想一边读一边听点音乐的话，就听听这个吧。
Listen to this if you'd care for some musical accompaniment to my remarks.

斯科特·埃·利亚斯:《西南部国家公园的冰河时代历史》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1997年)，第153、160、163页:
Scott A. Elias, The Ice-Age History of Southwestern National Parks (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), pp. 153, 160, 163:

"来自图森树木年轮研究实验室的杰弗里·迪安分析了科罗拉多高原地区的树木年轮数据，表明那个地区的干旱发生于公元1150年，在公元1250年到1450年之间再次发生。(欧洲从公元900年到1300年的历史记录表明，那段时期植物有更长的生长期(更多的无霜期)，冬天更温和，夏天更温暖……
"Tree ring data from the Colorado Plateau region, analyzed by Jeffrey Dean from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research in Tucson, indicate that droughts occurred throughout this region at A.D. 1150, and again between A.D 1250 and 1450.… (Historical records dating from A.D. 900 to 1300 in Europe indicate that this was a time of longer growing seasons (more frost-free days), milder winters, and warmer summers.…

"引领欧洲进入中世纪温暖期的大气环流可能给美国西南部带来了干旱。
"Atmospheric circulation that ushered in the Medieval Warm Period in Europe may have brought drought to the American Southwest.

"在干旱之前(公元900-1150年)，阿纳萨齐文化的进步，加上全新世晚期最温和的气候，使得该地区的农民获得了大约两倍于现在四角地区的可耕种土地。不幸的是，这种有利的气候也为阿纳萨齐地区即将到来的毁灭性干旱埋下了伏笔，因为随着人口的增长，人们对粮食丰收的依赖也越来越大。
"Prior to the droughts (of A.D. 900-1150), advancements in Anasazi culture coincided with the most benign climate of the late Holocene giving regional farmers roughly twice the arable land that is available today in the Four Corners region. Unfortunately, this advantageous climate was setting up the Anasazi for the devastating droughts that were to come, because as the population grew so did the people’s dependence on good harvests.…

"由杰弗里·迪安和其他一些人研究出来的树木年轮数据表明，干旱迫使居民离开查科峡谷。从公元1150年开始，一系列的干旱破坏了一个又一个作物。这种情况持续了50年。查科人通过建造复杂的水利控制系统进行抗争，包括水坝、运河、沟渠、水库、梯田和农田周围的网格边界。这些系统的目的是收集……台地上的流水。到了公元1150年，查科峡谷的人们已经没有了柴火，而且十分缺水。他们的庄稼歉收。可能是为了维持查科普韦布洛人的生计，需要进口越来越多的物资，这给当地人民带来了额外的压力，但是生活还得继续。
"Tree ring data developed by Jeffrey Dean and others indicate that drought conditions forced the evacuation of Chaco Canyon. Starting in A.D. 1150, a series of droughts ruined crop after crop. These conditions lasted for 50 years. The people of Chaco fought back by building elaborate water-control systems consisting of dams, canals, ditches, reservoirs, terraces, and grid borders around farming plots. The object of these systems was to catch … the runoff from the mesa tops.… By A.D. 1150, the people of Chaco Canyon were out of firewood and very low on water. Their crops were failing. Perhaps the need to import more and more supplies to keep Chaco pueblos going created additional stresses on the people. It was time to move on.

"最后，查科人为了寻找湿度更稳定的可耕地，纷纷逃离了。一些人迁移到了北部的圣胡安河谷。其他人则搬到东南方向的格兰德山谷。他们是现在新墨西哥州普韦布洛部落的祖先，400年后在西班牙人到来之前，在从陶斯到阿尔伯克基南部格兰德河一带的村庄中安稳地定居下来。
"In the end, the Chaco community fled, in search of arable land with more reliable moisture. Some members migrated north to the San Juan River Valley. Others moved southeast, to the Rio Grande Valley. These were the ancestors of the modern Pueblo clans of New Mexico, who were well established in villages along the Rio Grande from Taos to south of Albuquerque by the time the Spanish arrived four centuries later.…

[教训吗?]当陆地上的人口数量接近可持续发展的生态极限时，自然环境中哪怕是一个微小的变化都可能带来灾难。
[The lesson?] When the number of people on the land approaches the ecological limits of sustainability, even a slight change in the physical environment can bring catastrophe.

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