科罗纳多CORONADO

这是过去的生活事实:
It was the facts of life in the old days:

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡罗琳·马戈利斯编,《变革的种子:五百年纪念》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第122页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 122:

"在哥伦布时代以及现代发明之前，甘蔗[注定]是一种劳动密集型作物。直到19世纪末，大型糖厂才开始更换掉由奴隶和牲畜驱动的旧糖厂。
"[In Columbus’ day and until modern inventions,] sugarcane was [by necessity] a labor-intensive crop. [It was not until] the late 19th century that giant sugar mills began to re­place older mills powered by slaves and livestock.

"[关于]伊斯帕尼奥拉岛，哥伦布建立的……新大陆的第一个永久殖民地，
"[Regarding] the island of Hispaniola, where Columbus established … the first permanent colony in the New World,

第13页:
p. 13:

"[他]评论说，‘这个岛上的印第安人……是岛上的财富，因为是他们为基督徒们挖掘东西、生产面包和其它食物，还从矿里获取黄金……并提供人畜所有的服务和劳动。'
"[he] remarked that ‘the Indians of this island … are its riches, for it is they who dig and produce the bread and other food for the Christians and get the gold from the mines…and perform all the services and labor of men and of draft animals.'

"虽然美洲印第安人很容易被奴役，但他们也很容易死去……主要是由于欧洲人传入新大陆的疾病。事实上，伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的印第安人在1600年就消失了。虽然没有人知道1492年的数字是多少，但目前的估计从6万到800万不等。
"Although American Indians were readily enslaved, they just as readily died ... [chiefly] from the diseases the Europeans introduced to the New World. Indeed, the [Indians of Hispaniola] had disappeared by 1600. Although no one knows what their numbers were in 1492, current estimates range from sixty thousand to as many as eight million.

当没有足够的印第安人来维持新大陆的种植活动时，欧洲人转向非洲寻找劳动力。……[接着]非洲人……取代印第安人成为加勒比海地区的主要族群。
When there were no longer sufficient Indians to maintain the New World plantations, Europeans turned to Africa for labor. ... [And] Africans ... replaced Indians as the dominant ethnic group in the Caribbean.

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