科罗纳多CORONADO

为了不让你们误认为这是我编造的，我要让你们知道我读的是一本叫做《变革的种子》的书，这本书是史密森学会为纪念哥伦布航海500周年而出版的。因此，从他带来的牛踏上伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的那一刻起，人们就开始认真地养牛和吃牛了。
Just in case you think I’m making this up, I’ll have you know I’m reading this out of a book called Seeds of Change, which the Smithsonian Institution put out for the 500th anniversary of Columbus sailing. So: From the moment the cattle he brought stepped onto Hispaniola, eating and breeding began in earnest:

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡罗琳·马戈利斯编,《变革的种子:五百年纪念》(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第80-82页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), pp. 80-82:

不久，这些母牛一年就会产下两到三次小牛，而且第一批公牛比西班牙的牛要大得多，这一报告得到了现代考古学的证实。1518年阿朗佐·德·祖佐告诉国王三四十只流浪牛将在短短三四年内增长到三四百斗。
The cows were soon dropping calves two and three times a year, and the first bulls were massively bigger than those back in Spain, a report confirmed by modern archaeology. In 1518 Alonzo de Zuazo informed his king that thirty or forty strays would grow to three or four hundred in as little as three or four years.

第95页:
p. 95:

"在16世纪20年代，年代史编者费尔南德斯·德·奥维耶多报告说，在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛上有多达500头的兽群，甚至还有大约8000头的兽群。
"In the 1520s the chronicler Fernández de Oviedo reported many herds of five hundred on Hispaniola and even some of eight thousand.

"[在1521年科尔特斯把古巴牛带到了墨西哥之后]在墨西哥北部——北美洲大平原最南端的稀树大草原上形成了最大的兽群。新比斯开省在1562年被殖民，但是野生牛在欧洲殖民者之前就大量繁殖了。1586年，该地区的两个大牧场总共给75000头小牛烙上了烙印。据佩拉尔塔1579年的报告，北方一些牧场拥有15万头牛，这2万头牛只能算是一个小牧群。
"[After Cortes brought Cuban cattle to Mexico in 1521,] the greatest herds developed in the savanna of northern Mexico - the southern­most extreme of the Great Plains. Nueva Vizcaya was colonized in 1562, but feral cattle propagating in great numbers had preceded European colonists. In 1586, two estancias of the region branded a total of 75,000 calves. Peralta reported about 1579 that some ranches in the north owned 150,000 head of cattle, and that 20,000 was considered a small herd.

第97页:
p. 97:

牛群还从墨西哥来到了秘鲁，1540年以前到达了利马。他们从秘鲁向南蔓延到了智利，然后又从那里漫步到阿根廷的潘帕斯草原，那里的牛产量一直是世界上最高的。到1619年，布宜诺斯艾利斯市总督贡德拉报告说：鹿群数量已超过24万。在接下来的几十年里，牛群继续向南向巴塔哥尼亚推进。据目击者报告，阿根廷牧群的规模让人想起北美平原，‘被野牛熏黑了’。
From Mexico, herds of cattle were also taken to Peru, arriving in Lima before 1540. From Peru, they spread south into Chile, and from there they wandered into the Argentine pampas where the productivity of cattle has been the greatest in the world. By 1619, Governor Gondra of Buenos Aires reported herds of more than 240,000. In succeeding decades, cattle continued to push south toward Patagonia. Eyewitness reports of the size of the Argentine herds bring to mind the North American plains, ‘blackened by buffalo.’

哥伦布带到美洲的马、猪和其它物种在到达美洲时发现那里也枝繁叶茂，它们的饮食和繁殖方式先于人类改变了那里的地貌和生态系统。
Horses, pigs and other species Columbus brought to America found it equally lush upon arrival, and their eating and multiplying changed the landscape/ecosystem before people changed it some more.

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