科罗纳多CORONADO

奥拉的旧汽车有点问题，就像我的雪佛兰燃油车。不知道西内的电动车是否会让她动心，但是还是让我们面对现实吧：汽油还是有的。在汽车还没有发明的日子里，她可能会更快乐，但她是那种会找点别的事情发牢骚的人。但是在轮子和马匹出现以前，美洲的情况是这样的。
Aura’s got a little problem with old time motor cars like my Vette that runs on gas. I’m not sure if Sine’s running his on electricity makes her partial to him, but let’s face it: gas is still around. She might have been happier in the old days before cars were invented, but she’s the type that would find something else to gripe about. But here’s how things used to be in America before the wheel and the horse.

卡斯塔涅达描述了西班牙人沿着大峡谷南边的徒步旅行，当时由来自图萨扬的当地导游带领12个人步行的(图萨扬是遗迹了，大峡谷国家公园最东边有标注的)：
Castañeda describes the Spanish foray along the south rim of the Grand Canyon as being 12 men on foot led by native guides from Tusayan (That’s the ruins at the east end of Grand Canyon National Park that are marked there):

佩德罗·德·卡斯塔涅达《西波拉·约纳达的关系……》，1562年，纳斯拉译。乔治·帕克·温希普《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第489-90页:
Pedro de Castañeda, “Relación de la jornada de Cíbola … ,” Nacera, ~1562, trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896), pp 489-90:

当时他们没有继续往上游去(沿河而上)，因为打不到水。……导游说，如果他们还得走四天的话,就无法继续前行了，因为三四天内都没有水了。他们在这个地区旅行时，他们的女人带着装有水的葫芦，并一路把装有水的葫芦埋起来，以供回程时引用。除此之外，他们在一天之内走过的地方，我们需要两天才能走完。
They did not go farther up the river [along the rim], because they could not get water.… The guides said that if they should go four days farther, it would not be possible to go on, because there was no water within three or four days, for when they travel across the region themselves they take with them women loaded with water in gourds, and bury the gourds of water along the way, to use when they return, and besides this, they travel in one day over what it takes us two days to accomplish.

卡斯塔涅达描述了现在新墨西哥州的一个城镇，阿科马，进出那里的唯一途径就靠攀登。
Cantañeda describes a town in current-day New Mexico, Acoma, where the only way in or out was climbing.

第490-491页：
pp. 490-1:

"阿尔瓦拉多上尉…..到达了一个村庄，这个村庄位于一块叫阿库科的岩石上，大约有200人。村子……建在一块四周够不着的岩石上，周围都是陡峭的山坡，它很高很高，一支很好的步枪才能发射到的高度。那里只有一个入口，是一个人工搭建的楼梯......
"Captain Alvarado … reached a village which was on a rock called Acuco having a population of about 200 men. The village … was up on a rock out of reach, having steep sides in every direction, and so high that it was a very good musket that could throw a ball as high. There was only one entrance by a stairway built by hand...

......宽一点的楼梯大约200步，然后就是一段约100步窄一点的楼梯，到顶部时他们需要爬上三倍于身高的高度，在那里的岩石壁上有洞，他们通过手脚并用的方式攀爬上去。在顶上，他们有地方播种和储存大量的玉米，以及收集雪和水的蓄水池。
...a broad stairway for about 200 steps, then a stretch of about 100 narrower steps, and at the top they had to go up about three times as high as a man by means of holes in the rock, in which they put the points of their feet, holding on at the same time by their hands. On the top they had room to sow and store a large amount of corn, and cisterns to collect snow and water.

在德克萨斯州和堪萨斯州的布法罗平原上，狗被用来拉车。1541年，陪同科罗纳多前往基维拉(堪萨斯)的一位修道士在给另外一个定居点的一位方济会修道士写了一封信，信中提到他估计那里有200户人家：
On the Buffalo plains of Texas and Kansas, dogs were used for hauling. One of the friars accompanying Coronado on the trek to Quivira (Kansas) wrote in a 1541 letter to another Franciscan of a settlement that he estimated being 200 homes:

《关系……》译作，乔治·帕克·温希普《科罗纳多远征1540-1542》，(华盛顿:美国民族学局，1896年)，第570-571页:
“Relación …,” trans. George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542, (Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, 1896) pp. 570-571:

"房子是用牛[野牛]皮做成的，被晒成白色，像亭子或军队的帐篷。这些印第安人的生活完全靠牛来维持，因为他们不种玉米也不收玉米。
"The houses were made of the skins of the cows [Buffalo], tanned white, like pavilions or army tents. The maintenance or sustenance of these Indians comes entirely from the cows, because they neither sow nor reap corn.

像这个国家的人一样，这些人也有狗，只是他们的狗要大一点，并且他们让狗像牛马一样拉东西，他们给狗安上马鞍一样的垫子，并用皮带勒住，这使得它们的后背凸起处很痛。当他们去打猎，它们背着他们的必需品；当他们迁移的时候，这些狗会扛着他们的房子，他们把房子的木杆绑在鞍上拖着走的，除了他们最上面装的东西，狗的承重大概有35到50磅。这些印第安人不是定居在一个地方的，他们是随着牛群的迁移而迁移的。
These people have dogs like those in this country, except that they are somewhat larger, and they load these dogs like beasts of burden, and make saddles for them like our pack saddles, and they fasten them with their leather thongs, and these make their backs sore on the withers like pack animals. When they go hunting, they load these with their necessities, and when they move - for these Indians are not settled in one place, since they travel wherever the cows move, to support themselves - these dogs carry their houses, and they have the sticks of their houses dragging along tied on to the pack-saddles, besides the load which they carry on top, and the load may be, according to the dog, from 35 to 50 pounds.

根据另一本书上所说的，在特诺奇提兰(现在的墨西哥城)，那里的生活显然更容易一些：
And in Tenochtitlán (at present-day Mexico City), the living was apparently easier according to this other book:

伯纳尔·迪亚斯·德尔·卡斯蒂洛，《发现和征服墨西哥》，1517-1521 (哈珀兄弟，纽约，1928)：第218-219页：
Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517-21 (Harper & brothers, New York, 1928): pp. 218-219:

……从(巨大的寺庙顶部，我们和科尔特斯，以及导游伟大的蒙特苏马]，看到了三条通往墨西哥的堤道，……我们还看到了三条堤道上的桥梁……以及有很多独木舟的一条大湖，一些船只运送食品过来，一些装着商品返航；我们看发现，这座大城市和其它所有建在水里的城市，房子之间无法走来走去，只能通过木制的吊桥或独木舟。
… from [the top of the huge temple we, with Cortes and our guide the Great Montezuma], saw the three causeways which led into Mexico, … and we saw the bridges on the three causeways …, and we beheld on that great lake a great multitude of canoes, some coming with supplies of food and other returning loaded with cargoes of merchandise; and we saw that from every house of that great city and of all the other cities that were built in the water it was impossible to pass from house to house, except by drawbridges which were made of wood, or in canoes.

没有马匹，没有轮子。天堂，是吗?
No horses, and no wheels. Heavenly, huh ?

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