科罗纳多CORONADO

我要感谢这本书和这个展览，让我对牛仔和印第安人有了一些了解：
I have to thank this book and the Exhibition it's about for what I know about cowboys and Indians:

尽管在许多美国西部电影中经常有牛仔和印第安人，但它们的历史在美国是十分短暂的。而且，当时如果西班牙没有向美洲引入马和牛的话，它们根本就不会存在。
The cowboys and Indians period of American history was short-lived, though it lives forever in scores of American western movies. It would not have occurred but for the Spanish importing horses and cattle to America.

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡洛琳·马戈利斯编著，《变化的种子：一个五百年的留念》(华盛顿：史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第107页：
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of Change:a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p. 107:

"1535年，安东尼奥·德·门多萨为了饲养，首次将马带到墨西哥。马种引入以后，随着向北殖民扩张到索诺拉草原，到了1550年，马匹已经大量涌现。五十年后，数不清的野马群跑了250英里，来到西北方向的杜兰戈。
"Horses were first brought to Mexico for purposes of breeding by Antonio de Mendoza in 1535, and due to this importation and to the northward expansion of the colony into the grasslands of Sonora, by 1550 mounts were plentiful. Fifty years later, countless herds of mustangs were running 250 miles to the northwest, in Durango.

第108页：
p. 108:

"从1581年奥古斯汀•罗德里格斯的远征开始，到1598年更大规模的胡安·德·奥的远征，新墨西哥的殖民为北方带来了更多的马匹。在接下来的三个世纪里，圣达菲成为了大多数马匹的集散地，因为西班牙人在这里定居，贸易，从奴隶制度中逃脱的印第安人，以及被未征服的部落捕获。到1690年，野马群已经在新墨西哥州和德克萨斯州的利亚诺埃斯塔卡多地区游荡。到1720年，它们已经到达了中央大平原，1730年到达了大盆地和密苏里河的上游，1750年更是到达了美国和加拿大的北部大平原。
"The colonization of New Mexico brought more horses north, beginning with the expedition of Agustín Rodríguez in 1581, followed by the larger one of Juan de Oñate in 1598. During the next three centuries, Santa Fe became the point from which most horses were disseminated by Spanish settlement, by trade, by Indians escaping from slavery, and by capture by unconquered tribes. By 1690, herds of feral horses already roamed the Liano Estacado of New Mexico and Texas. They had reached the central Great Plains by 1720, the Great Basin and the upper reaches of the Missouri by 1730, and the northern Great Plains in the United States and Canada by 1750.

第98页：
p.98:

"大约从1685年开始，西班牙人开始在加利福尼亚、亚利桑那和德克萨斯州东部定居。那里的牧场始于天主教传教，在几乎整个西班牙殖民时期，最大的牧群都是传教牛。德克萨斯长角牛最初是就是基于这个使命培育出来的，它们是旧的西班牙和墨西哥血统的精选品种。(就像马一样)……从16世纪墨西哥中南部开始，许多牛变成了野生的，并在接下来的一百年里蔓延到德克萨斯州和新墨西哥州。
"Starting about 1685, extensive Spanish settlements began to be established in California, Arizona, and eastern Texas. Ranching there began with the Catholic missions, and during practically the entire Spanish colonial occupation, the largest herds were of mission cattle. The Texas longhorns were first developed on these missions as selected strains of the old Spanish-Mexican stock. [As with the horse,] ... many cattle became feral, beginning in south-central Mexico in the sixteenth century and spreading over the next hundred years to Texas and New Mexico.

大草原上赶牛的时代开始于南北战争后不久，但是这个牧场只在接下来的四十年里保持开放。在1884年以前，墨西哥北部没有纯种牛，没有带刺的铁丝网，也没有风车。虽然墨西哥的摩门教殖民者可能是最早使用风车和带刺铁丝网的人，但它们的普及是由该地区的大地主推动的......
The era of cattle driving on the Great Plains began shortly after the Civil War, but the range remained open for only another forty years. Prior to 1884, no purebred cattle, barbed wire fences, or windmills existed in northern Mexico. While Mormon colonists in Mexico probably were the first to use windmills and barbed wire, their widespread acceptance was promoted in the region by large landowners ...

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