科罗纳多CORONADO

关于这匹马，我所知道的一切都源自于我在史密森尼博物馆看到的庆祝哥伦布发现美洲400周年的展览。《变化的种子》这本书里都有。所以，我要引用一下，里面有很多华丽的词，我自己说不出来：
Everything I know about the horse is out of an exhibit I saw at the Smithsonian celebrating the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ discovery of America. It’s all in a book called “Seeds of Change.” So, and I’m quoting, because there are a lot of fancy words and I don’t carry them around on the tip of my tongue. So:

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡洛琳·马戈利斯编著，《变化的种子：一个五百年的留念》(华盛顿：史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第105页：
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of Change: a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991),p. 105:

"在[哥伦布，那批马]来到[美洲]前的一万年，随着古印第安猎人的到来，以及更新世末期的巨型动物灭绝引起的气候和植物变化，美洲当地的马也灭绝了。
"Ten thousand years before [Columbus, the horse] had actually existed [in America. But] with the coming of Paleo-Indian hunters and with the changes in climate and flora associated with the terminal Pleistocene megafaunal extinction, endemic American horses also became extinct.

"然而，这匹马在白令海峡西伯利亚一端存活了下来，并穿越了亚洲和欧洲的那些大草原和大草地。
"The horse survived, however, on the Siberian side of the Bering Strait, and ranged through all the steppe and grassland regions of Asia and Europe.

[它]来自东欧伏尔加盆地的野马种群……大约6000年前，驯养马的第一批祖先[被捕获]。
[It was] from the wild horse population of the Volga basin in eastern Europe … some six thousand years ago, the first ancestors of the domestic horse [were captured].

西内SINE

兵马俑军队有马群。两个？几千年前吗？
Terracotta Army had horses. Two? thousand years ago?

奥拉AURA

我想去看看。我听说过。
I’d like to see that. I’ve heard of it.

科罗纳多CORONADO

有空也跟我讲讲吧。——我继续引用吧：
Tell me about that too sometime. - Anyway, and I’m still quoting:

第82-83页：
PP. 82 – 83:

1493年，哥伦布带着马横渡了大西洋。这些大型动物在船上很难照顾和喂养，有些在途中就死去了，而西印度群岛的环境对它们来说也是不理想的；但是到了1501年，在海地岛上——多明尼加共和国就有20到30只，两年后就有60到70只以上了。当征服者们动身前往大陆时，就有很好的马匹了。
Columbus brought horses … across the Atlantic in 1493. Many of these large animals, awkward to care for and difficult to feed properly on shipboard, died during the crossings, and the West Indian environment was not ideal for them; but by 1501 there were twenty or thirty on the island of Haiti – Dominican Republic, and two years later no fewer than sixty or seventy. Horses, good ones, were available when the conquistadores set off for the mainland.

第106页：
P. 106

士兵兼历史学家贝尔纳尔·迪亚兹·德尔·卡斯蒂略是科尔特斯麾下的征服者，他记录了1519年来到墨西哥的每匹马的名字、血统、颜色、性别和品质。这些识别没有张冠李戴。它们就是一万年后第一个踏上北美大陆的物种，都是哥伦布第二次航行时从加勒比海带来的。后来，科尔特斯从岛上引入了更多的马匹，以协助他的军事行动，其他征服者也跟着效仿他。
Soldier and historian Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a conquistador who served under Cortés, recorded the name, pedigree, color, sex, and qualities of every one of the horses who came to Mexico in 1519. Such recognition was not misplaced. The first of their species to set hoof on the North American continent in ten thousand years, all had been bred in the Caribbean from stock originally brought by Columbus on his second voyage. Later, Cortés imported more horses from the islands to aid in his military exploits, and other conquistadores followed his example.

第109页：
P. 109

[马来到佛罗里达]......1521年和庞塞·德·莱昂一起，随后很快就有了其他探险队，包括埃尔南多·德·索托，他可能在1539年就已经带了多达200人到过佛罗里达......
[Horses came to Florida] ... with Ponce de León in 1521, followed soon by other expeditions, including that of Hernando de Soto, who may have brought as many as two hundred to Florida in 1539 ...

马对美洲印第安人来说是全新的事物。科尔特斯的士兵贝尔纳尔·迪亚兹说：
The horse was a whole new thing to the American Indian. Cortes’ soldier Bernal Diaz said:

第34页：
P. 34

[当我们第一次在墨西哥登陆时，] 我们注意到他们中许多最强壮的[印第安勇士][特拉斯卡兰人，即印第安人，科特斯曾经打败他们，他们提供给科尔特斯2万军队以推翻阿兹特克人，他们]，聚集在一起抓一匹马。特拉斯拉兰人似乎认为这些马和骑手是一个伟大但又可怕的生物，他们希望抓住并弄死它。
[When we first landed in Mexico,] we noticed that many of the strongest [Indian warriors] among them [the Tlaxcalans, who were the Indians that, once Cortez defeated them, would provide Cortez with 20,000 troops for the overthrow of the Aztecs, they], crowded together to lay hands on a horse. It seemed the Tlaxalans thought these horses and riders were one great and terrifying creature, and they hoped to capture and sacrifice it.

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