赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉, 卡罗琳·马戈利斯编。《变革的种子：五百年纪念》，(华盛顿:史密森学会出版社，1991)，第33,39,41页：
Herman J. Viola & Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of Change:a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), pp.33, 39, 41:

"1519年，赫尔南·科尔特斯从西班牙出发，带着11艘船和550名船员前往古巴。他还带了另外200名古巴岛民、几个黑人和几个印第安妇女。他在舰队中还有16匹马。
"In the year 1519, Hernán Cortés set out from Cuba with eleven ships and 550 men from Spain. He brought with him an additional 200 islanders from Cuba, several blacks, and a few Indian women. He also had on board the fleet sixteen horses.

"在尤卡坦海岸的科苏梅尔岛上，科尔特斯会见了一名西班牙漂流者，这位西班牙漂流者为此也给予了宝贵的帮助。杰罗尼莫·德·阿吉拉尔在大约八年前遭遇海难，被尤卡坦人当作奴隶掳走。在他的奴役期间，他已经掌握了流利的尤卡特玛雅语......[在途中]他们在坎佩切州的波顿昌(现在叫强普顿)附近登陆。在那里，科尔特斯交了第二次好运——来自那个叫马林什的女人首领的礼物......她曾经被卖为奴隶......阿兹特克人的盟友给波顿昌的玛雅人。(她还担任翻译。)
"On the island of Cozumel off the coast of Yucatán, Cortés met with a Spanish castaway who would provide invaluable assistance to his efforts. Jerónimo de Aguilar had been shipwrecked some eight years earlier, being taken as a slave by the people of Yucatán. During his servitude he had become fluent in Yucatec Mayan. ...[Also on the way] they landed near the town of Potonchán, now called Champotón, in the state of Campeche. There, Cortés would have a second stroke of luck - the gift from the chief of the woman called Malinche ....[who] had been sold into slavery by ... allies of the Aztecs, to the Mayas of Potonchán. [She also served as a translator.]

"由于阿兹特克人不太致命的作战方法，结合欧洲火力，令人恐惧的马和伤害性很大的[欧洲]疾病，我们就不难理解为什么几百名西班牙人与约二万特拉斯卡拉人就可以征服近一百万人的一个国家。
"Given the Aztecs’ less deadly approach to warfare, combined with European firepower, the frightening vision of the horse and the devastation wrought by [European] disease, it is not difficult to explain how several hundred Spaniards in league with about twenty thousand Tlaxcalans could have vanquished a nation of nearly a million people.

"1500年，墨西哥山谷的人口估计在150万到300万之间；到1600年，大约才7万人了。阿兹特克民族的诗人哀悼他们的巨大损失：
"The population of the Valley of Mexico in 1500 has been estimated at between 1,500,000 and 3,000,000 people; by 1600 there were approximately 70,000 .The poets of the Aztec nation mourned the loss of their world:

"破碎的矛倒在路上；
我们在悲痛中扯断了头发。
房屋和墙壁都没有了屋顶
被血染红了。
街道和广场上到处都是虫子，
墙壁上溅满了鲜血。
水变红了，好像被染过一样，
当我们喝它的时候，它有盐水的味道。
我们绝望地捶打着双手
靠在土坯墙上，
因为我们的产业，我们的城，已经灭亡了。
我们战士的盾牌就是它的防御，
但他们救不了它。
(莱昂-波蒂利亚, 1962)"
"Broken spears lie in the roads;
we have torn our hair in our grief.
The houses are roofless now, and their walls
are red with blood.
Worms are swarming in the streets and plazas,
and the walls are splattered with gore.
The water has turned red, as if it were dyed,
and when we drink it, it has the taste of brine.
We have pounded our hands in despair
against the adobe walls,
for our inheritance, our city, is lost and dead.
The shields of our warriors were its defense,
but they could not save it.
(León-Portilla, 1962)"

● 获得书籍
● Get book