科罗纳多CORONADO

我要给你们读几页《科罗纳多：普韦布洛斯与平原的骑士》这本书上的内容，作者是历史学家赫伯特·伊·博尔顿，好吗？坚持一下噢。
I’m gonna read you a couple pages from a book called Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains, by historian Herbert E. Bolton, okay? Bear with me.

从很多方面来说，弗朗西斯科阁下是一个典型的新大陆的西班牙开拓者。他二十五岁的时候来到墨西哥，是门多萨总督队伍里的一个绅士，门多萨总督在旧时的西班牙宫廷里很有名望。作为萨拉曼卡本地人，他是一个小贵族家庭的小儿子，这个地位并不是太令人羡慕的。弗朗西斯科阁下的父亲，是布尔戈斯的行政首长，非常富有，为长子冈萨洛建立了一个继承遗产（梅约拉格酒店）。两个修女，带着捐赠基金，被送到修院去当修女，从此告别了婚姻的世界。
Don Francisco was in many ways a typical Spanish adven­turer in the New World. He had come to Mexico at the age of twenty-five as one of the gentlemen in the train of Viceroy Men­doza, to whom he had been favorably known at Court in Old Spain. A native of Salamanca, he was a younger son in a family of lesser nobles, a position not always enviable. Don Fran­cisco’s father, as corregidor of Burgos, was wealthy enough to found an entailed estate (mayorazgo) by which his eldest son, Gonzalo, inherited the bulk of the family patrimony. Two sis­ters, with ‘suitable endowments,’ were sent to convents to be­come nuns and thus removed from the matrimonial market.

长子继承制的规则会产生意想不到的后果，因为其结果并非完全稳妥保守。在它的驱使下，小儿子们会去创新，甚至会去革命。
The rule of primogeniture had consequences not intended, for its results were not wholly conservative. By it, younger sons were driven to initiative - even to revolution.

科罗纳多的弟弟，璜阁下和弗朗西斯科阁下，其他数百名贵族子弟一样，来到美国寻找财富，因为新大陆已经是一片充满机遇的土地。璜成为了哥斯达黎加的一名官员，在那里为自己赢得了声誉，他的后代仍然生活在那里。弗朗西斯科结交上了门多萨总督，在1535年和他一起进了墨西哥城.....
The younger Coronado brothers - Don Juan and Don Francisco - came to America to seek their fortunes, as did hundreds of other younger sons of noble families, for the New World was already the land of opportunity. Juan became an official in Costa Rica, there made a good name for himself, and there his descendants still live. Francisco cast his lot with Viceroy Mendoza, and with him entered Mexico City in 1535...

科罗纳迅速崛起……然后...…深受总督的青睐......弗朗西斯科到达西班牙不到两年，就与富有的阿隆索·德·埃斯特拉达的女儿和女继承人比阿特丽斯小姐结婚，这大大提高了他的声望。阿隆索是新西班牙已故的财务主管，据说是费迪南德国王的私生子。于是，科罗纳多间接地与皇室联系在了一起......美国岳母，埃斯特拉达太太，送给她的结婚礼物是半个“特拉帕庄园”，特拉帕庄园位于墨西哥城南部，是一座盈利丰厚的大型庄园。为了让女儿和女婿的生活愉快，玛丽娜夫人搬出了她的豪宅，让这对新婚夫妇搬了进来。
Coronado rose rapidly ... and ... enjoyed the viceroy’s favor.... Francisco’s prestige was vastly enhanced when, within two years after his arrival, he married Doña Beatríz, daughter and heiress of wealthy Alonso de Estrada, deceased treasurer of New Spain and a reputed son of King Ferdinand - on the wrong side of the blanket. In this left-handed way, Coronado was now linked with royalty.... The wedding gift from Señora Estrada, the American mother-in-law, was ‘half of Tlapa,’ a large and profitable hacienda south of Mexico City. To make life pleasant for daughter and son-in-law, Doña Marina moved out of her city mansion, and the newly-weds moved in.

看到科罗纳多出色地完成了门多萨交给他的任务，门多萨又任命现年28岁的科罗纳多为北部边境省努埃瓦加利西亚省的省长。省长的年薪是1000金币。
Seeing Coronado perform well at tasks Mendoza had given him, Mendoza next appointed Coronado, now age 28, governor of Nueva Galicia, a northern frontier province. A governor’s salary was 1000 ducats per year.

博尔顿，第53页：
Bolton, p.53:

[前往锡波拉七座城市的远征主要由总督资助] 门多萨、科罗纳多和军队的个别成员......据说门多萨给了六万达克特。科罗纳多投入了五万，主要是由比阿特丽斯小姐筹集的……她的财产为此被抵押了。一些富有的投机商也投入了自己的股份，他们认为这是一项很好的投资，其中包括……前省长佩雷斯·德·拉·托雷的儿子，他投了4000多比索......
[The expedition to the Seven Cities of Cibola was financed in the main by Viceroy] Mendoza, Coronado, and individual members of the army…. Mendoza is said to have contributed sixty thousand ducats ...; Coronado put in fifty thousand, raised chiefly by Doña Beatríz, ... her property being mortgaged for the purpose. Some of the well-to-do adventurers provided their own outfits, regarding it as a good investment, among them being ... the son of former Governor Pérez de la Torre, who spent more than four thousand pesos ...

按2000年的货币价值计算，比阿特丽斯小姐的5万达克特相当于大约725万美元。这么来看的话，科罗纳多当时作为省长的薪水约为2000年的14.5万美元。
Doña Beatríz’s 50,000 ducats equates to about seven and a quarter million U.S. dollars in year 2000 currency. For perspective, Coronado’s salary as Governor was worth about $145,000 in the year 2000.

科罗纳多探险队于1540年2月22日在孔波斯特拉集结，然后科罗纳多返回墨西哥城，于1542年春天向门多萨总督报告。因此，科罗纳多和探险队的其他成员去了两年左右。
The Coronado expedition mustered assembled on February 22, 1540 at Compostela, and Coronado returned to Mexico City to report to Viceroy Mendoza in the spring of 1542. Thus, Coronado and the rest of the expedition were gone about two years.

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