科罗纳多CORONADO

还记得我们第一次见面时，我告诉你，哥伦布来的时候，美国还没有轮子或马的交通工具时，我是多么惊讶。为什么如此惊讶呢？因为你认为在那个年代，就像西部电影里一样，印第安人追击篷车等东西，但事实上当时不可能有驿站马车，牛仔和印第安人打架等电影里描绘的场景。印第安人拉任何东西都是用狗，它们为什么要去发明轮子呢？以下是我的发现：
Remember what a surprise it was when I told you that first time we met that when Columbus came along, there was no wheel or horse transportation in America. That was a surprise because you think of the old days and you think of those western movies with the Indians chasing covered wagons and everything, but the fact is there wouldn’t have been any stage coaches or cowboy and Indian fights like you’ve seen in the movies without the wheel and the horse. And why would the Indians have invented the wheel when all they had to pull anything was dogs. Here’s what I found about this:

赫尔曼·杰·维奥拉，卡洛琳·马戈利斯编著，《变化的种子：一个五百年的留念》(华盛顿：史密森学会出版社，1991年)，第107页:
Herman J. Viola, Carolyn Margolis, eds., Seeds of Change:a quincentennial commemoration, (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), p.107:

"1535年，安东尼奥·德·门多萨第一次将马带到墨西哥饲养，由于这种引入，以及殖民地向北扩展到索诺拉草原，到1550年，增长已经非常可观了。50年后，无数的野马涌向西北250英里的杜兰戈。
"Horses were first brought to Mexico for purposes of breeding by Antonio de Mendoza in 1535, and due to this importation and to the northward expansion of the colony into the grasslands of Sonora, by 1550 mounts were plentiful. Fifty years later, countless herds of mustangs were running 250 miles to the northwest, in Durango.

"随着1581年奥古斯汀·罗德里格斯的远征，以及1598年随之而来更大规模的胡安·德·奥远征，新墨西哥州的殖民化导致了更多的马涌向北方。在接下来的三个世纪里，通过西班牙殖民的定居、贸易、逃离奴役的印第安人，以及未被征服的部落的捕获，圣达菲成为了大多数马匹的扩散中心。到1690年，成群的野马已经遍布在新墨西哥州和德克萨斯州的利亚诺埃斯塔卡多。1720年，它们拓展到了中央大平原，1730年到达了大盆地和密苏里河上游，1750年更是到达了美国和加拿大的北部大平原。
"The colonization of New Mexico brought more horses north, beginning with the expedition of Agustín Rodríguez in 1581, followed by the larger one of Juan de Oñate in 1598. During the next three centuries, Santa Fe became the point from which most horses were disseminated by Spanish settlement, by trade, by Indians escaping from slavery, and by capture by unconquered tribes. By 1690, herds of feral horses already roamed the Liano Estacado of New Mexico and Texas. They had reached the central Great Plains by 1720, the Great Basin and the upper reaches of the Missouri by 1730, and the northern Great Plains in the United States and Canada by 1750.

"大约从1685年开始，西班牙人开始在加利福尼亚、亚利桑那和德克萨斯州东部定居。那里的牧场始于天主教传教，在几乎整个西班牙殖民时期，最大的牧群都是传教牛。德克萨斯长角牛最初是就是基于这个使命培育出来的，它们是旧的西班牙和墨西哥血统的精选品种。(就像马一样)……从16世纪墨西哥中南部开始，许多牛变成了野生的，并在接下来的一百年里蔓延到德克萨斯州和新墨西哥州。"
"Starting about 1685, extensive Spanish settlements began to be established in California, Arizona, and eastern Texas. Ranching there began with the Catholic missions, and during practically the entire Spanish colonial occupation, the largest herds were of mission cattle. The Texas longhorns were first developed on these missions as selected strains of the old Spanish-Mexican stock. [As with the horse,] ... many cattle became feral, beginning in south-central Mexico in the sixteenth century and spreading over the next hundred years to Texas and New Mexico."

说说它们的族群，噢？
Talk about population, huh?

大草原上赶牛的时代开始于南北战争后不久，但是这个牧场只在接下来的四十年里保持开放。在1884年以前，墨西哥北部没有纯种牛，没有带刺的铁丝网，也没有风车。虽然墨西哥的摩门教殖民者可能是最早使用风车和带刺铁丝网的人，但它们的普及是由该地区的大地主推动的......
The era of cattle driving on the Great Plains began shortly after the Civil War, but the range remained open for only another forty years. Prior to 1884, no purebred cattle, barbed wire fences, or windmills existed in northern Mexico. While Mormon colonists in Mexico probably were the first to use windmills and barbed wire, their widespread acceptance was promoted in the region by large landowners ...

这就是为什么我们会想到牛仔和印第安人，驿站马车和道奇城。
So that’s what it took to get us to cowboys and Indians, the stagecoach, and Dodge City.

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